The Mother – The unnamed protagonist, a strong Chinese peasant woman who works tirelessly on the land, raises her children, and cares for her mother‑in‑law amid hardship and social change.

The Father – Her husband, who eventually abandons the family and whose absence shapes much of her struggle.

Eldest Son – The mother’s oldest son, hardworking but distant; he becomes a key figure in the family dynamics as he matures.

Youngest Son – A more spirited son who leaves for the city, becomes involved in revolutionary activity, and later faces tragic consequences.

The Daughter – The mother’s daughter, whose life includes a difficult marriage before she eventually returns home.

Mother‑in‑Law – The husband's elderly mother, who is blind and dependent. The protagonist cares for her as part of her household responsibilities.