Syntax – Often uses inverted or unusual word order that can obscure meaning.

Idioms/Expressions – Features phrases and metaphors that are culturally or historically specific (e.g. “Ye elves of hills, brooks, standing lakes, and groves” – References folklore creatures (elves, spirits) that were widely believed in or imagined in Shakespeare’s time.).

Spelling/Grammar – Uses early 17th-century conventions that differ from contemporary English.

Pronunciation/Rhythm – Written for performance with meter and rhyme that affect word choice and meaning (e.g. “Hark, hark! Bow-wow. The watch-dogs bark! / Bow-wow.” The repeated rhymes and sounds create a playful, magical atmosphere, guiding the audience’s perception of Ariel’s spell).