Deformation of ice and sediment

Prominent debris layer, mainly sand derived from the glacier bed and transported by thrust-faulting to the ice cliff edge.

Close-up view of thrust-faulted sediment, revealing an ice core beneath. The original process of formation of the sediment was by fluvial action.

Bedding in fluvial sand, up-tilted by glaciotectonic processes.

Boudinaged layers of sand, with recrystallized ice between the boudins.

Sand blocks at the base of Wright Lower Glacier, representing a former continuous layer of fluvial sand, but rotated and deformed by shear..

Close-up photo of a sand block, showing original lamination intersected by regelation ice veins.

The structure of the glacier-marginal sand ramp comprises near-vertical ice foliation with streaks of deformed sand. Several centimetres of wind-blown sand overlie the foliated ice/sediment zone unconformably. Runoff of water from the glacier surface on the right.

Detail of the foliated ice/sediment mix, with a tight fold in centre. Both clear ice and bubbly ice are present.

Original fluvial lamination in sand within the ramp, showing cloudy ice layers, small faults and minor open folding.

Fluvial lamination with minor unconformities, up-tilted and slightly deformed in the glaciotectonised ramp.

A V-shaped folded layer of sand within an ice layer in the ramp, illustrating intense deformation at the glacier margin. Also present are angular pebble/cobble-sized clasts of local bedrock.

Sheared and folded laminated fluvial sand in the ramp, with bodies of glacier ice (from regelation?) partially replacing the sand.