Stagnation Glacier structure

The channelised form of this glacier means the structurally it is relatively simple. A prominent longitudinal foliation, with a central folded zone, extends across the full width of the glacier, intersected by numerous fractures (crevasse traces) formed when the glacier was more dynamic.

Stagnation Glacier structure
Looking up the true right-hand margin of the glacier where it is resting on ice-cored moraine. Dirty basal ice, medial moraine and foliation are visible.
Stagnation Glacier structure
Wedge-shaped streaks of debris and associated fractures are thrusts formed by longitudinal compression. The thrusts are dipping up glacier, and basal debris is emanating from them.
Stagnation Glacier structure
Close-up of basal debris emerging from a thrust, with Brian Moorman standing on the thrust plane. The debris to his left and below him has smeared over the ice as the thrust plane has melted back.
Stagnation Glacier structure
The tongue of the glacier is lacking many open crevasses despite the abundance of crevasse traces. Approaching a rock step a few largely ablated out crevasses are developed locally.
Stagnation Glacier structure
All that is left of these crevasses are extensively melted-back ice ridges and pinnacles. They are several metres high.
Stagnation Glacier structure
Alternating bands of coarse clear ice (blue) and coarse bubbly ice (white) make up longitudinal foliation. Weakly developed medial moraines of angular rockfall debris run parallel to the foliation.
Stagnation Glacier structure
Some of the debris in this foliation is fine-grained as well as coarse-grained, suggesting a possible source at the glacier bed. The large angular boulders are, however, rockfall-derived.
Stagnation Glacier structure
Contrasting white ice with only weak foliation contrasts with well-foliated dirty ice towards the true left-hand margin. Richard Waller for scale.
Stagnation Glacier structure
The texture of foliation, comprising coarse clear (blue) ice and coarse bubbly ice (white), is exposed when the surface weathered layer is removed with an ice-axe.
Stagnation Glacier structure
The prominent longitudinal foliation zone at the true right-hand side of the glacier shows its persistence through the zone of ablated crevasses.
Stagnation Glacier structure
The central part of the glacier is characterised by one large fold structure with apex unusually pointing upglacier. The layered structure here is probably the original stratification.
Stagnation Glacier structure
Regular longitudinal foliation and a scattering of supraglacial boulders near the true left-hand margin of the glacier. Small streams (rills) are formed parallel to the structure.
Photos Michael Hambrey, July 2014